Dị ka kwa Market Research Future Analysis, ụwa 3D obibi ahịa bara uru na USD 10.9 Ijeri na 2023 na atumatu ya iru USD 54.47 Ijeri site 2032, na-eto eto na a CAGR nke 19.24% si 2024 ruo 2032. Ndị isi ọkwọ ụgbọala gụnyere ịrị elu na-achọsi ike na digital dentistry na 3D ọchịchị itinye ego oru ngo. Akụkụ ngwaike na-eduga na ego ahịa 35%, ebe ngwanrọ bụ ụdị na-eto ngwa ngwa. Prototyping na-ebute 70.4% nke ego, na ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ 3D ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa n'ọgbọ ego. Ụdị ihe igwe na-eduga na ego, yana polymers na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ihi ọganihu R&D.
Usoro ahịa na isi ihe
Ahịa obibi akwụkwọ 3D na-enweta nnukwu uto nke teknụzụ na-akwalite yana ngwa na-abawanye n'ofe mpaghara dị iche iche.
● Ọnụ ahịa ahịa na 2023: ijeri USD 10.9; Atụmatụ iru $54.47 ijeri site na 2032.
● CAGR site na 2024 ruo 2032: 19.24%; site na ntinye ego gọọmentị na-achọ na dentistry dijitalụ.
● Prototyping bụ 70.4% nke ego ahịa; ngwá ọrụ bụ ngwa na-eto ngwa ngwa.
● Ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ 3D ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ego kachasị; Ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ desktọpụ bụ akụkụ na-eto ngwa ngwa.
Nha ahịa & amụma
Nha Ahịa 2023:USD 10.9 ijeri
Nha Ahịa 2024:USD 13.3307
Nha Ahịa 2032:USD 54.47
CAGR (2024-2032):19.24%
Oke ahịa mpaghara kachasị na 2024:Europe.
Ndị egwu egwu
Ndị isi egwuregwu gụnyere Sistemụ 3D, Stratasys, Materialise, GE Additive, na Metal Desktọpụ.
3D Printing Market Trends
Ntinye ego dị ukwuu nke gọọmentị na-ebute uto ahịa
Ahịa CAGR maka mbipụta 3D bụ ntinye ego gọọmentị na-arị elu na ọrụ 3D. Mba dị iche iche n'ofe ụwa na-enwe nnukwu ọgbaghara dijitalụ na teknụzụ nrụpụta dị elu. China na-eme ihe dị ịrịba ama iji chekwaa akara asọmpi nke ụlọ ọrụ nrụpụta n'ahịa. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị China na-atụ anya na nkà na ụzụ a dị ka ihe egwu na ohere maka mmepụta akụ na ụba China, ya mere ha jikwaa tinye ego na nyocha na mgbasawanye nke nkà na ụzụ a.
Na mgbakwunye, ndị mbido teknụzụ na ndị egwuregwu guzobere na-akwalite ma na-emepụta teknụzụ ọhụrụ. Ọganihu na ngwaike emeela ka ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ 3D dị ngwa na ntụkwasị obi maka ngwa mmepụta. Ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ polymer bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ 3D kacha arụ ọrụ. Dị ka akụkọ 2019 nke Ernst & Young Limited si kwuo, 72% nke ụlọ ọrụ na-eme ka sistemu nrụpụta polymer na-emepụta ihe, ebe 49% fọdụrụ na-eji sistemu ihe mgbakwunye ọla. Ọnụọgụ ahụ gosipụtara na mmepe na nrụpụta ihe mgbakwunye polymer ga-emepụta ohere ahịa n'oge na-adịbeghị anya maka ndị egwuregwu ahịa.
Mmụba na-arị elu maka mbipụta 3D na mpaghara ụgbọ ala maka ebumnuche owuwu nke akụrụngwa ụgbọ ala dị arọ bụ ihe ọzọ na-ebute uto ahịa ahịa. Ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ 3D desktọpụ na-enye ndị otu injinia na imewe ohere iji teknụzụ a n'ime. A na-eji ụfọdụ ihe plastik, dị ka polypropylene, eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na mpaghara ụgbọ ala. A na-eji polypropylene eme ihe na akụkụ dashboard ebipụta 3D, ikuku ikuku na sistemu mmiri gbanwetụrụ, na-ebute uto ahịa ahịa. Ihe ndozi, cradles, na prototypes bụ ihe a na-ejikarị ebipụta ụlọ ọrụ akpaaka, nke chọrọ nkwụsi ike, ike, na ịdịte aka, na-ebute ego ahịa obibi akwụkwọ 3D.
Nhụta akụkụ ahịa mbipụta 3D:
Nhụta ụdị mbipụta 3D
Akụkụ ahịa obibi akwụkwọ 3D, dabere na akụrụngwa, gụnyere ngwaike, ngwanrọ na ọrụ. Akụkụ ngwaike na-achịkwa ahịa ahụ, na-aza 35% nke ego ha nwetara (Ijeri 3.81). N'ime akụ na ụba na-emepe emepe, uto otu na-ebute site n'ịbawanye ntinye nke ngwaahịa eletrọnịkị ndị ahịa. Agbanyeghị, sọftụwia bụ ngalaba na-eto ngwa ngwa. A na-eji ngwa nbipụta 3D n'ọtụtụ ebe na verticals ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche iji chepụta ihe na akụkụ a ga-ebipụta.
Nleta ngwa mbipụta 3D
Akụkụ ahịa mbipụta 3D, dabere na ngwa, gụnyere prototyping, ngwa ọrụ na akụkụ arụ ọrụ. Otu prototyping bụ ihe kacha enweta ego (pasent 70.4). Prototyping na-enye ndị nrụpụta ikike ka ha nweta izi ezi dị elu ma mepụta ngwaahịa ngwụcha ntụkwasị obi. Otú ọ dị, ngwá ọrụ bụ ụdị nke na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ihi ntinye ngwa ngwa nke ngwaọrụ ahụ n'ọtụtụ verticals ụlọ ọrụ.
Ụdị nleba anya nke ngwa nbipute 3D
Akụkụ ahịa obibi akwụkwọ 3D, dabere na ụdị nbipute, gụnyere ndị nbipute 3D desktọpụ na ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ 3D mmepụta ihe. Otu nbipute 3D ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe kacha enweta ego. Nke a bụ n'ihi nnabata zuru oke nke ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ dị arọ, dị ka eletrọnịkị, ụgbọ ala, ikuku na nchekwa, na ahụike. Agbanyeghị, ngwa nbipute 3D desktọpụ bụ ngalaba na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ihi ọnụ ahịa ya.
Ntụle teknụzụ obibi 3D
Akụkụ ahịa obibi akwụkwọ 3D, dabere na teknụzụ, gụnyere stereolithography, ihe nlegharị anya etinyere, nhọrọ laser nhọrọ, sintering laser metal, mbipụta polyjet, mbipụta inkjet, elektrọn.osisiagbaze, Laser metal deposition, dijitalụ ìhè nhazi, laminated ihe n'ichepụta, na ndị ọzọ. Otu ihe nleba anya agbakwunyere ewepụtala ego kacha enweta n'ihi nnabata teknụzụ n'ofe usoro 3DP dị iche iche. Agbanyeghị, stereolithography bụ ngalaba na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ihi ịdị mfe nke arụmọrụ jikọtara na teknụzụ stereolithography.
Nleta ngwa nbipute 3D
Akụkụ ahịa obibi akwụkwọ 3D, dabere na ngwanrọ, gụnyere ngwanrọ imewe, ngwa nbipute, ngwanrọ nyocha na ndị ọzọ. Ụdị ngwanro imewe weputara ego kacha enweta. A na-eji ngwanrọ imewe wuo atụmatụ ihe a ga-ebipụta, ọkachasị n'ime ụgbọ ala, ikuku ikuku na nchekwa, yana ihe owuwu na injinia. Agbanyeghị, sọftụwia nyocha bụ ngalaba na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ihi usoro na-eto eto nke inyocha ihe yana ịchekwa akwụkwọ ndị enyochagoro.
Nhụta kwụ ọtọ 3D obibi
Akụkụ ahịa obibi akwụkwọ 3D, dabere na vetikal, gụnyere mbipụta 3D mmepụta ihe {ụgbọ ala, ikuku & nchekwa, ahụike,eji eletrọnịkị, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ike & ume, ndị ọzọ}), na desktọpụ 3D obibi akwụkwọ {nzube agụmakwụkwọ, ejiji & ọla, ihe, eze, nri, na ndị ọzọ}. Ụdị mbipụta 3D ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-akpata ego kachasị mma n'ihi ntinye aka nke nkà na ụzụ na usoro mmepụta dị iche iche jikọtara ya na vetikal ndị a. Agbanyeghị, mbipụta 3D desktọpụ bụ ụdị na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ihi nnabata 3D dị ukwuu n'ichepụta ọla nṅomi, obere ihe, nka na nka, na uwe na uwe.
Nleta ihe eji ebi akwụkwọ 3D
Akụkụ ahịa obibi akwụkwọ 3D, dabere na ihe, gụnyere polymer, metal, na seramiiki. Ụdị igwe a na-enweta ego kachasị mma n'ihi na ígwè bụ ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka mbipụta 3D. Agbanyeghị, polymer bụ ụdị na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ihi mmụba R&D maka teknụzụ 3DP.
Ọnụọgụ 1: Ahịa Mbipụta 3D, site na ihe onwunwe, 2022 & 2032 (Ijeri USD)
Nghọta Mpaghara 3D Bipụta
Site na mpaghara, ọmụmụ ihe ahụ na-enye nghọta ahịa n'ime North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, na ụwa ndị ọzọ. Ahịa obibi akwụkwọ 3D nke Europe ga-achịkwa, n'ihi nnabata zuru oke nke nrụpụta mgbakwunye na mpaghara. Ọzọkwa, ahịa mbipụta 3D German nwere oke ahịa, na ahịa obibi akwụkwọ UK 3D bụ ahịa na-eto ngwa ngwa na mpaghara Europe.
Ọzọkwa, mba ndị bụ isi a mụrụ na akụkọ ahịa bụ US, Canada, German, France, UK, Italy, Spain, China, Japan, India, Australia, South Korea na Brazil.
Ọgụgụ 2: 3D EKERE MKPIN NDỤMỌDỤ ahịa site na mpaghara 2022 (Ijeri USD)
Ahịa ebipụta 3D North America bụ nke abụọ kachasị n'ahịa ahịa. Ọ bụ ụlọ nke ndị egwuregwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe mgbakwunye dị iche iche nke jigide nka nka siri ike na usoro nrụpụta mgbakwunye. Ọzọkwa, ahịa obibi akwụkwọ US 3D nwere oke ahịa, yana ahịa obibi akwụkwọ 3D Canada bụ ahịa na-eto ngwa ngwa na mpaghara North America.
A na-atụ anya na ahịa mbipụta 3D Asia-Pacific ga-eto na CAGR kachasị ọsọ site na 2023 ruo 2032. Nke a bụ n'ihi mmepe na nkwalite n'ofe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara. Ọzọkwa, ahịa obibi akwụkwọ China 3D nwere oke ahịa, yana ahịa obibi akwụkwọ India 3D bụ ahịa na-eto ngwa ngwa na mpaghara Eshia-Pacific.
Ndị na-egwu ahịa ahịa ahịa 3D & nghọta asọmpi
Ndị isi ahịa ahịa na-etinye nnukwu ego na nyocha na mmepe iji gbasaa ahịrị ngwaahịa ha, nke ga-enyere aka na-ebi akwụkwọ 3D na-eto eto karịa. Ndị sonyere n'ahịa na-emekwa mmemme dị iche iche iji gbasaa akara ukwu ha, yana mmepe ahịa dị mkpa gụnyere mmalite ngwaahịa ọhụrụ, nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta, njikọta na nnweta, itinye ego dị elu, yana imekọ ihe ọnụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Iji gbasaa na ịlanarị n'ọsọ asọmpi na ịrị elu ahịa, ụlọ ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ 3D ga-enyerịrị ihe ndị dị ọnụ ahịa.
Ịmepụta mpaghara iji belata ụgwọ ọrụ bụ otu n'ime ụzọ azụmaahịa ndị na-emepụta ihe na-eji na ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta 3D iji baara ndị ahịa uru na ịbawanye mpaghara ahịa. Ndị isi egwuregwu na ahịa obibi akwụkwọ 3D, gụnyere 3D Systems, Inc., Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, NATURAL MACHINES, Choc Edge, Systems & Materials Research Corporation, na ndị ọzọ, na-anwa ịbawanye ahịa ahịa site na itinye ego na nyocha na mmepe mmepe.
Materialize NV na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nrụpụta ngwa ngwa prototype mmebe. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-elekwasị anya na ngwanrọ imaging 3D na ịkpụzi plastik iji mepụta ngwaahịa maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ahụike na eze. Materialize na-enye sọftụwia imewe yana ihe ngwọta maka azụmaahịa gburugburu ụwa. Materialize na Exactech sonyeere na Machị 2023 iji nye nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ dị oke ọnụ maka ndị ọrịa nwere nrụrụ ubu siri ike. Exactech bụ onye nrụpụta ngwa ọhụrụ, ihe etinyere na teknụzụ ndị ọzọ nwere ọgụgụ isi maka ịwa ahụ ndochi nkwonkwo.
Desktop Metal Inc na-echepụta, na-arụpụta ma na-ere sistemụ obibi akwụkwọ 3D. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye usoro ikpo okwu mmepụta ihe, usoro ụlọ ahịa, ikpo okwu usoro ihe nkiri, na ngwaahịa X-usoro ikpo okwu. Ụdị nbipute ya gụnyere P-1; P-50; ngwa nbipute jetting nke etiti olu; usoro studio 2; X160Pro; X25Pro; na InnoventX. Ngwakọta mgbakwunye nrụpụta ihe nrụpụta Desktop Metal na-akwado ọla, elastomers, ceramik, composites, polymers, na ihe ndị nwere ike dakọtara. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụkwa ọrụ ego nha anya na nyocha na mmepe. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ụgbọ ala, akụrụngwa nrụpụta, ngwa ahịa, agụmakwụkwọ, imepụta igwe, na ụlọ ọrụ dị arọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2023, Desktop Metal weputara Einstein Pro XL, ngwa nbipute 3D dị ọnụ ala, dịkwa oke elu, dị mma maka ụlọ nyocha eze, orthodontists, na ndị nrụpụta ngwaọrụ ahụike ndị ọzọ.
Ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị mkpa na ahịa mbipụta 3D gụnyere
Mee ihe onwunwe
Ụlọ ọrụ EnvisionTec, Inc.
Ụlọ ọrụ 3D Systems, Inc.
GE mgbakwunye
Ụlọ ọrụ Autodesk Inc.
Emere na Oghere
Ụlọ ọrụ Canon Inc.
● Voxeljet AG
Formlabs kwuru na ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ 4 na ụdị 4B 3D ga-adị na 2024, na-enyere ndị ọkachamara aka ịkwaga site na prototype gaa na mmepụta. Site na igwe mbipụta ọhụrụ pụrụ iche Low Force Display (LFD) sitere na Somerville, Massachusetts dabere na Formlabs, ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ resin 3D ebulitela ihe mgbochi maka nrụpụta mgbakwunye. Ọ bụ ngwa nbipute ọhụrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ zụrụ n'ime afọ ise.
Onye ndu a ma ama na ụlọ ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ 3D, igus, ewebatala ụdị ntụ ntụ na resins ọhụrụ maka 2024 bụ nke na-enweghị atụ na-anabata onwe ya. Enwere ike iji ngwaahịa ndị a na ọrụ mbipụta 3D igus, ma ọ bụ enwere ike zụta ha. The iglidur i230 SLS ntụ ntụ, nke e mere maka laser sintering na sliding ngwa, bụ otu n'ime ihe ọhụrụ ndị a. Ọ na-enye ike igwe na-abawanye na enweghị PFAS.
The Massachusetts dabeere na mbụ ngwá ọrụ emeputa (OEM) nke 3D obibi, Markforged, kpughere mpụta mbụ nke abụọ ọhụrụ ngwaahịa na Formnext 2023 na 2023. Tinyere ntọhapụ nke FX10 ngwa nbipute, Markforged ewebata Vega, a PEKK ihe kwajuru na carbon eriri na ezubere maka iji na n'ichepụta nke aerospace n'elu ikpo okwu na-eji FX20. Emere FX10 maka akpaaka na ntụgharị; ọ tụrụ ihe na-erughị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke ịdị arọ nke FX20 wee tụọ ntakịrị karịa ọkara ka elu na obosara. Igwe ihe mmetụta anya abụọ arụnyere na isi mbipụta nke FX10 nwere modul ọhụụ ọhụụ maka mmesi obi ike.
Stratasys Ltd. (SSYS) ga-eweta ngwa nbipute 3D ọhụrụ Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) na ogbako Formnext na Frankfurt, Germany, Nọvemba 7-10, 2023. Ihe nbipute a na-egbu egbu na-enye ndị ahịa n'ichepụta uru na-enweghị atụ n'ụdị nchekwa ọrụ, ịba ụba oge, na mma ngwaahịa na mkpụrụ. Ndị ọsụ ụzọ FDM rụrụ maka imepụta ya, F3300 chọrọ ịbụ ngwa nbipute 3D kachasị elu dị. Njiri mara ya na imewe ya ga-agbanwe ngwa nke nrụpụta mgbakwunye na mpaghara kacha sie ike, gụnyere ụgbọ ala, ikuku ikuku, gọọmentị / ndị agha, na ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ. A na-atụ anya na a ga-ebufe F3300 malite na 2024.
Mmepe ahịa obibi akwụkwọ 3D
● Q2 2024: Stratasys na Desktop Metal mara ọkwa nkwụsị nke nkwekọrịta njikọ.Stratasys Ltd. na Desktop Metal, Inc. kwuputara nkwụsị nkekọ nke nkwekọrịta njikọta ọnụ ha kwuburu na mbụ, na-akwụsị atụmatụ ijikọ ndị isi egwuregwu abụọ na mpaghara mbipụta 3D.
● Q2 2024: 3D Systems họpụtara Jeffrey Graves ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi ala na onye isi3D Systems kwuputara nhọpụta nke Jeffrey Graves dị ka onye isi oche ọhụrụ ya na onye isi nchịkwa, dị irè ozugbo, na-egosi mgbanwe mgbanwe ndu na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.
● Q2 2024: Markforged mara ọkwa $40 Nde Series E Ego MgbakọMarkforged, ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ 3D, welitere $40 nde na usoro ntinye ego Series E iji mee ka mmepe ngwaahịa dị ngwa ma gbasaa iru ya zuru ụwa ọnụ.
● Q3 2024: HP ekpughere Ngwọta Mbipụta Ọhụrụ Metal Jet S100 3D maka Mmepụta MassHP Inc. ulo oru Metal Jet S100 Solution, ọhụrụ 3D ngwa nbipute e mere maka uka mmepụta nke metal akụkụ, ịgbasa ya mmako n'ichepụta Pọtụfoliyo.
● Q3 2024: Materialize na-enweta Link3D iji wusie onyinye ngwanrọ ike.Materialise, ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ 3D nke Belgium, nwetara Link3D, onye na-eweta sọftụwia na-emepụta ihe mgbakwunye dabere na US, iji kwalite ngwọta nrụpụta dijitalụ njedebe na njedebe.
● Q3 2024: GE Mgbakwunye Mepere Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkà na Ụzụ Ọhụrụ na GermanyGE Additive mepere ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ mgbakwunye ọhụrụ na Munich, Germany, iji kwado nyocha na mmepe na teknụzụ obibi akwụkwọ 3D dị elu.
● Q4 2024: Formlabs na-ebuli $150 Nde na ntinye ego nke usoro FFormlabs, ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ 3D na-eduga, nwetara $ 150 nde na ntinye ego Series F iji wepụta mmepụta yana mee ka ihe ọhụrụ dị na desktọpụ na mbipụta 3D mmepụta ihe.
● Q4 2024: Nano Dimension mara ọkwa inweta Essemtec AGNano Dimension, onye na-enye 3D elektrọnik e biri ebi, nwetara Essemtec AG, ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland na-ahụ maka ihe nrụpụta elektrọnik, iji gbasaa onyinye ngwaahịa ya.
● Q1 2025: Xometry nwetara Thomas maka nde $300Xometry, ụlọ ahịa n'ichepụta dijitalụ, nwetara Thomas, onye ndu n'ichepụta ngwaahịa na nhọrọ ndị na-ebubata ngwaahịa, maka nde $300 iji gbasaa netwọk nrụpụta ya.
● Q1 2025: EOS ewepụtara New Industrial 3D Printer maka ngwa AerospaceEOS webatara ngwa nbipute 3D ọhụrụ emebere maka ngwa ikuku, na-achọ imezu ogo siri ike nke ngalaba na ihe arụmọrụ chọrọ.
● Q2 2025: Carbon na-akpọsa mmekọrịta dị mkpa na Adidas maka akpụkpọ ụkwụ ebipụtara 3DCarbon, ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ obibi akwụkwọ 3D, batara na mmekorita ya na Adidas iji mepụta na rụpụta midsoles ebipụtara 3D maka akpụkpọ ụkwụ egwuregwu.
● Q2 2025: SLM Solutions meriri nnukwu nkwekọrịta na Airbus maka mbipụta 3D metalSLM Solutions nwetara nkwekọrịta dị ịrịba ama na Airbus iji weta sistemu ebipụta igwe 3D maka mmepụta nke akụrụngwa ikuku.
Nkebi ahịa mbipụta 3D:
Ihe nbipute 3D Outlook
Akụrụngwa
Ngwa ngwa
Ọrụ
Ngwa ngwa mbipụta 3D Outlook
Prototyping
Ngwá ọrụ
Akụkụ arụrụ arụ
3D Printer Ụdị Outlook
Ihe nbipute 3D Desktọpụ
Igwe nbipute 3D ụlọ ọrụ
3D Printing Technology Outlook
Stereolithography
Nlereanya nkwụnye ego etinyere
Nhọrọ Laser Sintering
Direct Metal Laser Sintering
Mbipụta Polyjet
Inkjet Printing
Electron Beam na-agbaze
Nkwụnye ego igwe laser
Nhazi ọkụ dijitalụ
Nrụpụta Ihe Laminated
Ndị ọzọ
3D Printing Software Outlook
Ngwa imewe
Ngwa ngwa nbipute
Ngwa nyocha
Ndị ọzọ
3D Mbipụta Vetikal Outlook
Ụlọ ọrụ 3D obibi
Ụgbọala
Aerospace & Nchekwa
Nlekọta ahụike
Eletrọnịkị ndị ahịa
Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe
Ike & Ike
Ndị ọzọ
Mbipụta 3D Desktọpụ
Ebumnuche agụmakwụkwọ
Ejiji & ọla
Ihe
eze
Nri
Ndị ọzọ
3D Printing Material Outlook
Polymer
Ọla
Ceramic
Oge nzipu: Sep-03-2025
